===================== Installation on Linux ===================== There are multiple ways of installing Nextcloud depending on your preferences, requirements and goals. If you prefer an automated installation, you have the option to: * use the `official Nextcloud installation method `_. Nextcloud AIO provides easy deployment and maintenance with most features included in this one Nextcloud instance. It includes Office, a turnkey Backup solution, Imaginary (for previews of heic, heif, illustrator, pdf, svg, tiff and webp) and more. * use the `community Snap Package `_. This includes a full production-ready stack, will maintain your HTTPS certificates for you, and will automatically update as needed to stay secure. * use the `community Nextcloud VM Appliance `_ (aka Nextcloud Virtual Machine or NcVM). This helps you create a personal or corporate Nextcloud Server faster and easier. It can be used install directly on a clean Ubuntu Server or downloaded as a fully functioning VM. * use the `community NextcloudPi scripts `_ (based on Debian). It will setup everything for you and include scripts for automated installation of apps like: Collabora, OnlyOffice, Talk and so on. * use the `community Nextcloud Docker image `_. This image is designed to be used in a micro-service environment. There are two versions of the image you can choose from: the Apache one contains a full Nextcloud installation including an Apache web server. The second option is an FPM installation and runs a FastCGI process that serves your Nextcloud installation (you will need to supply your preferred web, database and other desired supplementary services). .. note:: Please note that the community options are not officially supported by Nextcloud GmbH. .. tip:: For an enterprise-ready and scalable installation based on Helm Charts (also available for Podman), please `contact Nextcloud GmbH `_. In case you prefer installing from the source tarball, you can setup Nextcloud from scratch using a classic LAMP stack (Linux, Apache, MySQL/MariaDB, PHP). This document provides a complete walk-through for installing Nextcloud on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Server with Apache and MariaDB, using `the Nextcloud .tar archive `_. This method is recommended to install Nextcloud. This installation guide is giving a general overview of required dependencies and their configuration. For a distribution specific setup guide have a look at the :doc:`./example_ubuntu` and :doc:`./example_centos`. .. _prerequisites_label: .. note:: Admins of SELinux-enabled distributions such as CentOS, Fedora, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux may need to set new rules to enable installing Nextcloud. See :ref:`selinux_tips_label` for a suggested configuration. Prerequisites for manual installation ------------------------------------- The Nextcloud .tar archive contains all of the required PHP modules. Your Linux distribution should have packages for all required modules. See :doc:`php_configuration` for a list of required and suggested modules. You don’t need the WebDAV module for your Web server (i.e. Apache’s ``mod_webdav``), as Nextcloud has a built-in WebDAV server of its own, SabreDAV. If ``mod_webdav`` is enabled you must disable it for Nextcloud. (See :ref:`apache_configuration_label` for an example configuration.) .. _apache_configuration_label: Apache Web server configuration ------------------------------- Configuring Apache requires the creation of a single configuration file. On Debian, Ubuntu, and their derivatives, this file will be :file:`/etc/apache2/sites-available/nextcloud.conf`. On Fedora, CentOS, RHEL, and similar systems, the configuration file will be :file:`/etc/httpd/conf.d/nextcloud.conf`. You can choose to install Nextcloud in a directory on an existing webserver, for example `https://www.example.com/nextcloud/`, or in a virtual host if you want Nextcloud to be accessible from its own subdomain such as `https://cloud.example.com/`. To use the directory-based installation, put the following in your :file:`nextcloud.conf` replacing the **Directory** and **Alias** filepaths with the filepaths appropriate for your system:: Alias /nextcloud "/var/www/nextcloud/" Require all granted AllowOverride All Options FollowSymLinks MultiViews Dav off To use the virtual host installation, put the following in your :file:`nextcloud.conf` replacing **ServerName**, as well as the **DocumentRoot** and **Directory** filepaths with values appropriate for your system:: DocumentRoot /var/www/nextcloud/ ServerName your.server.com Require all granted AllowOverride All Options FollowSymLinks MultiViews Dav off On Debian, Ubuntu, and their derivatives, you should run the following command to enable the configuration:: a2ensite nextcloud.conf Additional Apache configurations ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ * For Nextcloud to work correctly, we need the module ``mod_rewrite``. Enable it by running:: a2enmod rewrite Additional recommended modules are ``mod_headers``, ``mod_env``, ``mod_dir`` and ``mod_mime``:: a2enmod headers a2enmod env a2enmod dir a2enmod mime If you're running ``mod_fcgi`` instead of the standard ``mod_php`` also enable:: a2enmod setenvif * You must disable any server-configured authentication for Nextcloud, as it uses Basic authentication internally for DAV services. If you have turned on authentication on a parent folder (via e.g. an ``AuthType Basic`` directive), you can turn off the authentication specifically for the Nextcloud entry. Following the above example configuration file, add the following line in the ```` section:: Satisfy Any * When using SSL, take special note of the ServerName. You should specify one in the server configuration, as well as in the CommonName field of the certificate. If you want your Nextcloud to be reachable via the internet, then set both of these to the domain you want to reach your Nextcloud server. * Now restart Apache:: service apache2 restart * If you're running Nextcloud in a subdirectory and want to use CalDAV or CardDAV clients make sure you have configured the correct :ref:`service-discovery-label` URLs. .. _pretty_urls_label: Pretty URLs ----------- Pretty URLs remove the ``index.php``-part in all Nextcloud URLs, for example in sharing links like ``https://example.org/nextcloud/index.php/s/Sv1b7krAUqmF8QQ``, making URLs shorter and thus prettier. ``mod_env`` and ``mod_rewrite`` must be installed on your webserver and the :file:`.htaccess` must be writable by the HTTP user. To enable ``mod_env`` and ``mod_rewrite``, run ``sudo a2enmod env`` and ``sudo a2enmod rewrite``. Then you can set in the :file:`config.php` two variables:: 'overwrite.cli.url' => 'https://example.org/nextcloud', 'htaccess.RewriteBase' => '/nextcloud', if your setup is available on ``https://example.org/nextcloud`` or:: 'overwrite.cli.url' => 'https://example.org/', 'htaccess.RewriteBase' => '/', if it isn't installed in a subfolder. Finally run this occ-command to update your .htaccess file:: sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ maintenance:update:htaccess After each update, these changes are automatically applied to the ``.htaccess``-file. .. _enabling_ssl_label: Enabling SSL ------------ .. note:: You can use Nextcloud over plain HTTP, but we strongly encourage you to use SSL/TLS to encrypt all of your server traffic, and to protect user's logins and data in transit. Apache installed under Ubuntu comes already set-up with a simple self-signed certificate. All you have to do is to enable the ssl module and the default site. Open a terminal and run:: a2enmod ssl a2ensite default-ssl service apache2 reload .. note:: Self-signed certificates have their drawbacks - especially when you plan to make your Nextcloud server publicly accessible. Consider getting a certificate signed by a signing authority. Check with your domain name registrar or hosting service for good deals on commercial certificates. Or use a free `Let's Encrypt `_ ones. .. _installation_wizard_label: Installation wizard ------------------- After restarting Apache you must complete your installation by running either the graphical Installation Wizard, or on the command line with the ``occ`` command. To enable this, change the ownership on your Nextcloud directories to your HTTP user:: chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/nextcloud/ .. note:: Admins of SELinux-enabled distributions may need to write new SELinux rules to complete their Nextcloud installation; see :ref:`selinux_tips_label`. To use ``occ`` see :doc:`command_line_installation`. To use the graphical Installation Wizard see :doc:`installation_wizard`. .. _background_jobs_label: Setting up background jobs -------------------------- Nextcloud requires that some tasks are run regularly. These may include maintenance tasks to ensure optimal performance or time sensitive tasks like sending notifications. See :doc:`../configuration_server/background_jobs_configuration` for a detailed description and the benefits. .. _selinux_tips_label: SELinux configuration tips -------------------------- See :doc:`selinux_configuration` for a suggested configuration for SELinux-enabled distributions such as Fedora and CentOS. .. _php_fpm_tips_label: PHP-FPM configuration --------------------- Overview ^^^^^^^^ `PHP-FPM `_ is a FastCGI based implementation of PHP containing features useful for busy web sites and large web applications. Using it with Nextcloud is an advanced topic and requires getting familiar with how PHP-FPM functions. In most cases the defaults are not ideal for use with Nextcloud. Here we'll highlight a few of the most important areas that should be adjusted. Process manager ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The default value for ``pm.max_children`` in many PHP-FPM installations is lower than appropriate. Having a low value may cause client connectivity problems, unexplained errors, and performance problems. It is a common cause of *Gateway Timeouts*. Having too high of a value in relation to available resources (such as memory), however, will also lead to problems. The default value is often ``5``. This greatly limits simultaneously connections to your Nextcloud instance and, unless you are severely resource constraints, will underutilize your hardware. Check the :doc:`../installation/server_tuning` chapter for some guidance and resources for coming up with appropriate values, as well as other related parameters. System environment variables ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ When you are using ``php-fpm``, system environment variables like PATH, TMP or others are not automatically populated in the same way as when using ``php-cli``. A PHP call like ``getenv('PATH');`` can therefore return an empty result. So you may need to manually configure environment variables in the appropriate ``php-fpm`` ini/config file. Here are some example root paths for these ini/config files: +-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Debian/Ubuntu/Mint | CentOS/Red Hat/Fedora | +-----------------------+-----------------------+ | ``/etc/php/8.3/fpm/`` | ``/etc/php-fpm.d/`` | +-----------------------+-----------------------+ In both examples, the ini/config file is called ``www.conf``, and depending on the distro version or customizations you have made, it may be in a subdirectory such as ``pool.d``. Usually, you will find some or all of the environment variables already in the file, but commented out like this:: ;env[HOSTNAME] = $HOSTNAME ;env[PATH] = /usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin ;env[TMP] = /tmp ;env[TMPDIR] = /tmp ;env[TEMP] = /tmp Uncomment the appropriate existing entries. Then run ``printenv PATH`` to confirm your paths, for example:: $ printenv PATH /home/user/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin: /sbin:/bin:/ If any of your system environment variables are not present in the file then you must add them. Alternatively it is possible to use the environment variables of your system by modifying:: /etc/php/8.3/fpm/pool.d/www.conf and uncommenting the line:: clear_env = no When you are using shared hosting or a control panel to manage your `Nextcloud VM`_ or server, the configuration files are almost certain to be located somewhere else, for security and flexibility reasons, so check your documentation for the correct locations. Please keep in mind that it is possible to create different settings for ``php-cli`` and ``php-fpm``, and for different domains and Web sites. The best way to check your settings is with :ref:`label-phpinfo`. Maximum upload size ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ If you want to increase the maximum upload size, you will also have to modify your ``php-fpm`` configuration and increase the ``upload_max_filesize`` and ``post_max_size`` values. You will need to restart ``php-fpm`` and your HTTP server in order for these changes to be applied. .htaccess ^^^^^^^^^ Nextcloud comes with its own ``nextcloud/.htaccess`` file. Because ``php-fpm`` can't read PHP settings in ``.htaccess`` these settings and permissions must be set in the ``nextcloud/.user.ini`` file. .. _other_HTTP_servers_label: Other Web servers ----------------- * :doc:`nginx` .. _vm_label: Installing on Windows (virtual machine) --------------------------------------- If you are using Windows, the easiest way to get Nextcloud up and running is using a virtual machine (VM). There are two options: * **Enterprise/SME appliance** Nextcloud GmbH maintains a free appliance built on the `Univention Corporate Server (UCS) `_ with easy graphical setup and web-based administration. It includes user management via LDAP, can replace an existing Active Directory setup and has optional ONLYOFFICE and Collabora Online integration, with many more applications available for easy and quick install. It can be installed on hardware or run in a virtual machine using VirtualBox, VMWare (ESX) and KVM images. Download the the Appliance here: - `Univention Corporate Server (UCS) `_ * **Home User/SME appliance** The `Nextcloud VM`_ is maintained by `T&M Hansson IT `_ and several different versions are offered. Collabora, OnlyOffice, Full Text Search and other apps can easily be installed with the included scripts which you can choose to run during the first setup, or download them later and run it afterwards. You can find all the currently available automated app installations `on GitHub `_. The VM comes in different sizes and versions. You can find all the available versions `here `_. For complete instructions and downloads see: - `Nextcloud VM (GitHub) `_ - `Nextcloud VM (T&M Hansson IT) `_ .. note:: You can install the VM on several different operating systems as long as you can mount OVA, VMDK, or VHD/VHDX VM in your hypervisor. If you are using KVM then you need to install the VM from the scripts on GitHub. You can follow the `instructions in the README `_. .. _snaps_label: Installing via Snap packages ---------------------------- A snap is a zip file containing an application together with its dependencies, and a description of how it should safely be run on your system, especially the different ways it should talk to other software. Most importantly snaps are designed to be secure, sandboxed, containerized applications isolated from the underlying system and from other applications. To install the Nextcloud Snap Package, run the following command in a terminal:: sudo snap install nextcloud .. note:: The `snapd technology `_ is the core that powers snaps, and it offers a new way to package, distribute, update and run OS components and applications on a Linux system. See more about snaps on `snapcraft.io `_. Installation via web installer on a VPS or web space ---------------------------------------------------- When you don't have access to the command line, for example at a web hosting or VMPS, an easy option is to use our web installer. This script can be found on our `server installation page here. `_ The script checks the dependencies, downloads Nextcloud from the official server, unpacks it with the right permissions and the right user account. Finally, you will be redirected to the Nextcloud installer. Here a quick how-to: 1. Get the file from the installation page 2. Upload setup-nextcloud.php to your web space 3. Point your web browser to setup-nextcloud.php on your webspace 4. Follow the instructions and configure Nextcloud 5. Login to your newly created Nextcloud instance! .. note:: that the installer uses the same Nextcloud version as available for the built in updater in Nextcloud. After a major release it can take up to a month before it becomes available through the web installer and the updater. This is done to spread the deployment of new major releases out over time. Installation on TrueNAS ----------------------- See the `TrueNAS installation documentation `_. Installation via install script ------------------------------- One of the easiest ways of installing is to use the Nextcloud VM or NextcloudPI scripts. It's basically just two steps: 1. Download the latest `VM installation script `_. 2. Run the script with:: sudo bash nextcloud_install_production.sh or 1. Download the latest `PI installation script `_. 2. Run the script with:: sudo bash install.sh A guided setup will follow and the only thing you have to do it to follow the on screen instructions, when given to you. .. _Nextcloud VM: https://github.com/nextcloud/vm